I'm not an economist. I work in the trades with my hands, and make money based on how well I do my job. And I figure that's what should matter even if you work with computer screens or in corporate boardrooms.
Here's an alternative market in five steps:
1. Companies issue stock in an IPO. Your IPO is valued based on your profits for the last ten years. That's what the company is worth. No fancy figures of formulas, you are worth what you made in the last ten years. All stock is voting stock - you actually own a portion of that company, and are represented by the Board of Directors. Representatives of the Board are available to answer questions you have about the company, up to one inquiry per year per stock, to a maximum of one inquiry a week. This inquiry can take the form of a phone message of less than five minutes or an email of less than 1000 words. All inquiries, by law, will be answered within 24 hours.
2. Consumers, funds, etc buy stock by purchasing it at the IPO price.
3. Every quarter, when earnings are released, dividends are paid based on those earnings. All of those earnings. If the company made $2M in profit and you own shares equal to 1% of the company, you make $20,000.
4. Stock is bought and sold through an auction system. If you would like to put stock up for sale, you have to declare it for sale halfway through the quarter. You earn dividends as usual, and then, halfway through the next quarter, the auction closes. All stock auctions begin and end simultaneously. This means the minimum length of ownership for a stock is 3 MONTHS.
5. Stock prices and returns are tracked transparently tracked using two indicators: Historic average auction prices, and historic dividends paid. If "financial professionals" get a fee for tracking down and providing the stock to you, it is visibly marked on your statement. Fees are ONLY payable as a percentage of dividends, and you can shop around for the best fee structure.
How to replace the current stock market with this? Don't. Offer this system as an alternative for companies looking to make an IPO. Current companies trading on the existing stock market can have an option to convert, based on the same IPO value. If the current value of the stockholder assets is greater than what it would be based on the Step 1 formula
And now, the why...
The stock market was designed as a simple system to help everyone participate in that great American (and now worldwide) dream: Owning your own business. You might not have the savvy to manufacture and sell steel - but someone does, and with some additional capital (money) they can build a bigger plant and produce better quality steel at more affordable prices, leading to more profit for them. So they offer stocks, which represent ownership in that company. They do the math, figure out their dream is worth $100,000 and that they're going to issue 10,000 shares at $10 a piece. For $10, you can OWN 0.01% of Brave New Steel Mills Incorporated. If they do better, their company becomes worth more, and both of you win. If they do worse, their company becomes worth less, and everyone loses. It's designed to be a mutually beneficial agreement.
And somewhere along the line, we got lost. We forgot it was about owning something, and we thought instead it was about renting something to try and make a quick buck. Day traders never own stock - they just lease it for a while and then send it off to someone else once it climbs in the slightest. Companies bet against themselves or others and use derivatives to create a system that looks like Las Vegas - except the house doesn't always win, and they're playing with YOUR money. Stocks are bought and sold based on speculation, futures, earnings forecasts, exposure... and based on what other holders of that same stock are doing. It's turned into a case of the tail wagging the dog.
We fix it by slowing down. By OWNING stock. If you own a car and it's giving you trouble, you take it to a mechanic and try to fix it - only if it's costly to fix do you sell or discard it. If you actually OWN stock, you don't sell it at the first sign of trouble - you try and fix the company first, through voting and board of directors meetings. Only when it's broken do you sell it - and you realize, because it's broken, you're not going to get what you paid for it.
The stock market is not a magic bullet to get rich quick - and all it's doing "magically" now is naturally responding to stresses it was never designed to carry. It's time to scrap this beater.